Vatican City, officially known as the Vatican City State, is an independent city-state in Rome, Italy. It is the spiritual and administrative headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church and the residence of the Pope. With an area of approximately 44 hectares (110 acres), Vatican City is the world's smallest internationally recognized independent state. The history of Vatican City dates to the early Christian era. In the 4th century, the Roman Emperor Constantine legalised Christianity and initiated the construction of the first St. Peter's Basilica over the tomb of Saint Peter, one of Jesus Christ's apostles. Over the centuries, the Vatican became increasingly associated with the papacy and the centre of the Catholic Church's power.
In 1929, under the Lateran Treaty signed between the Holy See (the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Catholic Church) and Italy, Vatican City was established as an independent state. The treaty recognized the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Vatican and granted the Pope full authority over the city-state. Vatican City is not just a religious centre but also a cultural and artistic hub. Beyond the Vatican Museum, the city-state houses numerous significant buildings and landmarks. St. Peter's Basilica, with its magnificent Renaissance architecture and Michelangelo's iconic dome, stands as one of the world's most revered and visited churches. The Vatican Gardens, covering about half of Vatican City's total area, provide a serene and lush environment for reflection and contemplation.
As an independent city-state, Vatican City has its unique governance system. The Pope is the absolute monarch of the state, exercising legislative, executive, and judicial powers. However, he delegates the day-to-day administration to various bodies, such as the Secretariat of State and the Governorate of Vatican City.
Vatican City's UNESCO World Heritage Site status reflects its immense cultural and historical significance. It stands as a symbol of the Catholic Church's enduring influence. It attracts millions of visitors each year, seeking spiritual enrichment, artistic marvels, and a glimpse into the heart of the Catholic faith.